This article examines the model of relations that arise between a digital platform operator and an implementing partner who is an individual, as set out in Federal Law No. 289-FZ dated 07/31/2025 «On Certain Issues of Regulating the Platform Economy in the Russian Federation» (hereinafter referred to as the Platform Economy Law). Despite the inclusion in the Law on the Platform Economy of an indication of the civil law nature of these relations, the author found a relationship between some provisions of the law in question and the provisions of labor legislation. The author argues for a position on the similarity of relations arising within the framework of platform employment and labor relations. In conclusion, the author draws conclusions about the possible extension of labor legislation to the relationship between the owner and (or) operator of a digital platform and an individual, which could be implemented by including a separate chapter in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation containing the specifics of labor regulation for platform employees (in terms of their working hours, rest time, labor protection, etc.).

The article is devoted to the analysis of trends in the development of labour law in the Russian Federation in the aspect of the implementation of strategic planning documents both at the federal level and at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as concepts of personnel management and social responsibility of the employer at the local level in relation to a specific employer. This is extremely important, since the further improvement and evolution of labor legislation depends on the correct definition of priorities and directions of development. The proposed approach avoids subjectivity in determining trends in the development of labor law, which is of great importance from the point of view of both strategic planning and the development strategy of a legal entity. In this regard, it is proposed to classify the trends in the development of Russian labor law into two groups: trends generated by strategic planning documents at the federal level, at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation; trends determined by the development strategies of the organization.

This article is devoted to the study of the scope of labor law. Attention is drawn to the expansion of the scope of labor law caused by the rapid development of unmanned aircraft systems. The proposed work analyzes the provisions of current labor legislation, in particular the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the Air Code of the Russian Federation, and also examines the doctrine of domestic labor law on the unity and differentiation of legal labor regulation in relation to employees who are external pilots. In the course of the conducted research, actual problems in the field of work of external pilots were identified and possible solutions were proposed. Attention is drawn to the fact that the legal regulation of the work of external pilots of unmanned aircraft systems requires further painstaking work on its scientific and legal foundation. The issues of disciplinary and financial responsibility of employees — external pilots were raised.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the institution of local regulations in the system of sources of labor law of the Russian Federation, using the example of civil servants and other types of public service. The theoretical and practical aspects of local rule-making in the sphere of labor relations are studied, and problems of legal regulation and law enforcement are identified. The authors analyze the relationship between centralized and decentralized regulation of labor relations, consider issues of the hierarchy of regulatory acts and the limits of local law-making competence of the employer. A detailed analysis of judicial practice on the application of local regulations is carried out. Based on the conducted research, specific proposals are formulated for improving legislation and law enforcement practice. It is the local (contractual) method of regulating working conditions that, at its core, allows for a greater implementation of the basic principles of labor law and meets modern conditions of economic development.

The integration of international labour standards into the national legal systems of the BRICS countries is an important element in the unification of legal regulation of working hours and rest periods. Conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) play a key role in shaping unified approaches to the legal regulation of these aspects, which is reflected in setting limits on working hours and guaranteeing the right to rest. However, the process of implementing these standards is characterized by certain specifics due to differences in national labor law systems. This process requires a thorough analysis and adaptation of international norms, taking into account local legal traditions and socio-economic conditions. The integration of international labor standards not only promotes the harmonization of legal systems, but also strengthens international labor standards as universal principles aimed at protecting workers' rights and improving working conditions.

The article discusses the issues of legal regulation of seafarers' work. The author draws attention to the innovative nature of the Convention on Maritime Labour of the International Labour Organization. It is also noted that the Convention has had a significant impact on national legislation on seafarers' work, including the legislation of the Russian Federation. However, the author points out that despite the improvement in the working conditions of seafarers after the adoption of the Convention, there are still problems with the payment of wages, the establishment of working hours and rest periods, the granting of shore leave, the repatriation of seafarers, the adoption of acts of social partnership, in particular, a collective agreement. The problem of holding seafarers accountable for crimes at sea, providing food on board, as well as medical care and counseling remains important to solve.

The article examines current trends in the regulation of seafarers’ labor rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran in light of the provisions of the International Labor Organization’s (ILO) Maritime Labor Convention, 2006 (MLC, 2006), which Iran ratified in 2014. Key aspects of Iranian labor legislation are analysed, including regulations concerning seafarers’ employment contracts, minimum age requirements, working time and rest periods, wages, occupational safety, and professional training. Particular attention is paid to the gap between legislative norms and their practical implementation, including issues related to wage payment delays, non-compliance with safety standards, and insufficient effectiveness of state oversight. The role of the Iranian Maritime Mercantile Syndicate (IMMS) and the recent introduction of a model maritime employment contract are highlighted as significant steps toward harmonising national legislation with international standards.

Based on an analysis of current legislation and case law, this paper examines the institution of mediation, allowing us to assess its current effectiveness in the Russian Federation. An analysis of the institutional aspects of the use of mediation and conciliation procedures in labor dispute resolution and an assessment of their effectiveness allowed us to identify existing problems, identify key solutions, and develop evidence-based recommendations for increasing the accessibility and effectiveness of these conflict resolution mechanisms, thereby strengthening social stability and reducing the burden on the judicial system.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the impact of labor disputes on the business reputation of the employer. As a result of the conducted research, the correlation of the concepts of "image" and "business reputation" of an employer is compared, the proposal on the need for legal regulation of the concept of "business reputation of an employer" in labor legislation is substantiated, and approaches aimed at minimizing the reputational risks of employers associated with labor disputes are proposed.

This article examines the employment issues of individuals under 18 with disabilities or limited health capabilities in the Russian Federation at the current stage of labor legislation development. The author concludes that current legislation differentiates approaches to ensuring the employment of individuals under 18 and individuals with disabilities, but fails to address complex cases where both characteristics overlap. It is noted that Russian legislation includes a special category for individuals under 18, “Individuals with Disabilities”, which is not reflected in labor legislation. Legal conflicts and inconsistencies in the regulation of labor for minors with disabilities are observed, requiring a thorough assessment and adjustment of existing legal mechanisms.

The article examines the prospects for extending the Vision Zero concept to employment relations as a whole, which appears to be a natural step given that its core purpose is to detect and prevent problems rather than deal with their consequences. Today, work is increasingly structured through digital platforms and algorithmic management systems, and such models often generate new legal risks. Under these conditions, Vision Zero may serve as a practical framework for “zero legal deviation,” helping employers and employees identify potential violations in advance and avoid emerging conflicts. Thus, Vision Zero is viewed as the foundation of a new Concept of Zero Legal Deviation in employment relations, which, in the context of ADR, offers a modern, coherent, and practical approach to preventing conflicts amid ongoing digital transformation.

In the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, close attention is being paid to the implementation of socio-economic policies, including those aimed at overcoming poverty. Both countries have adopted strategic documents, state programs, and other regulations aimed at raising the subsistence minimum and providing low-income citizens with state social assistance. The author analyzes the legal basis for determining the subsistence minimum and highlights the national characteristics of its establishment in Russia and China. The subsistence minimum is used as a threshold for providing targeted social support to citizens (families) whose incomes do not reach this level. The article examines the range of recipients of social assistance and the types of its provision in both countries. The author concludes that, to overcome poverty, both Russian and Chinese legislation require improvement in terms of the methodology for determining the subsistence minimum, as well as the application of a differentiated approach to providing social assistance to low-income citizens.

The article examines the standards of legal regulation of social protection of persons with disabilities contained in the General Comments of the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which are devoted to the interpretation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The core of this Convention is the principle of equality. The content of the medical model of disability, which prevents the application of the principle of equality, and the human rights model of disability, which contributes to the application of this principle, are disclosed. In the case of persons with disabilities, the differences between formal equality and substantive equality, equality before the law and equality under the law, equal protection of the law and equal use of the law are considered. The essence of the main positive measures aimed at ensuring the equality of persons with disabilities is analyzed — the creation of accessibility, personal assistance and reasonable accommodation. Discrimination is a violation of equality. Forms and individual types of discrimination on the basis of disability are considered. Standards concerning the financing of measures aimed at ensuring equality for persons with disabilities are being investigated.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to ensure effective legal protection of socially vulnerable categories of citizens in the context of changing socio-economic realities. The general legal principles of legality and social justice, being the basis for the formation of the entire system of legal norms, are also implemented in the legal regulation of social security relations, making it possible to build an interconnected system of sectoral norms, guarantee their effectiveness, avoid systemic problems and conflicts in legal regulation that impede the full and consistent implementation of these principles in practice. The principles of legality and social justice are embodied in sectoral legislation in various aspects, which together guarantee the realization of the constitutional right to social security. The study uses methods of formal legal analysis of the norms of current legislation, as well as the study and generalization of law enforcement practice.

The import and export of agricultural technologies allow China and Russia to play a leading role in the global intellectual property agenda. To protect public interests, China exercises control and supervision over the import and export of agricultural technologies. The legal system of control and supervision includes laws, administrative regulations, and departmental rules. China carries out registration management of contracts for the import and export of agricultural technologies. China carries out licensing management of contracts for the limited import and export of agricultural technologies, establishing procedures for applying for licenses for the limited import and export of agricultural technologies. In the current context of geopolitical transformation, Russia is actively improving its approaches to legally ensuring the sustainability of international trade in agriculture, modernizing its legislation on the legal protection of intellectual property, and taking necessary restrictive measures in this area of relations. This article analyzes key practices in the legal regulation of international trade in agriculture in the context of intellectual property protection in China and Russia.

In July 2025 after a long period of discussions the Federal Law No. 289 “On Certain Issues of Regulating the Platform Economy in the Russian Federation,” was adopted.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the scope of regulation and conceptual framework of the new law, including the concepts of “intermediary digital platform partner,” “order acceptance and delivery point,” “logistical infrastructure of an intermediary digital platform operator,” etc., and the reaction of the professional community to the legislative changes and the possible conse-quences of their adoption for the Russian economy. The author concludes that a number of provisions of the new law need to be revised at the legislative level and at the level of subordinate legislation.

The article examines the genesis and principal forms of personal security transactions in Roman law, as well as their significance for understanding modern personal security arrangements. Drawing on an analysis of Gaius’ Institutes, Justinian’s Digest, and Roman-law scholarship, it demonstrates that Roman law did not develop a general doctrine of security transactions; nevertheless, it was precisely within Roman law that the basic models of personal security received their most consistent elaboration. The article shows that the structure of adpromissio, while retaining an accessory character in relation to the principal obligation, was not reducible to mere plurality of persons on the debtor’s side, since it arose on an independent legal basis and imposed upon the provider of the security an autonomous obligation toward the creditor. It further elucidates the differences among sponsio, fidepromissio, and fideiussio with regard to the type of secured obligation, the scope and duration of liability, and the nature of the relationships among co-sureties. Particular attention is given to the right of the performing surety to recover the expenses incurred, the evolution of the relevant remedies from actio depensi to beneficium cedendarum actionum, and the emergence of beneficium excussionis as a precursor to the subsidiary liability of the surety. The article also analyses the non-stipulatory forms of personal security — constitutum debiti alieni and mandatum qualificatum — which influenced the subsequent development of European, and especially German, law. It argues that in Roman law the content of the obligation assumed by the provider of personal security was conceptualized through the category of praestare, which makes it possible to speak of a specific causa of security transactions distinguishing them from other transactions used to structure relations of classical exchange. The article concludes that Roman law already laid the foundations for an integrative approach to suretyship, under which the nature of the security provider’s obligation is determined by the type of the secured obligation, while personal security arrangements constitute an autonomous group of juridical acts with their own function, content, and causal orientation. These conclusions are of significance for the contemporary civil-law characterization of personal security transactions.

The article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the regulation of fixed term employment contracts in BRICS countries. It analyzes different regulatory approaches, ranging from restrictive models (Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Ethiopia) to liberal (India, China, UAE) and mixed models (South Africa, Egypt, Iran). The pandemic highlighted the need to strike a balance between business flexibility and worker protection, leading to temporary labour law liberalization in some countries and enhanced social guarantees in others. The role of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and its standards during the crisis is given special attention. Using Indonesia and India as examples the article demonstrates how the crisis acted as a catalyst for long planned reforms. The importance of adhering to ILO labour standards to ensure a minimum level of protection in extraordinary circumstances is emphasized.

Modern society is experiencing a significant impact of digital technologies on all spheres of public life. The rapid development of information technology is transforming approaches to the provision of social services. This necessitates the flexibility of legal regulation and its ability to respond to problematic issues related to the integration of innovations into the practice of social protection. In addition, special attention is paid to the importance of respecting the rights and freedoms of people in need of social services. The rapidly developing process of digitalization is stimulating the emergence of new scientific developments that would reduce the disparity between the development of scientific and technological progress and the pace of development of society. At the same time, the use of the results of the digitalization process is only one of the ways to improve two main indicators — the quality and accessibility of social services for citizens.

The article addresses specific issues related to the legal regulation of the institution of training and continuing professional education for em-ployees provided directly by their employers in the Republic of India. The author examines the regulatory framework governing this area of public relations and notes that Indian legislation has recently begun to place increased emphasis on supporting representatives of lower castes and tribal communities. This support includes additional measures from both the state and employers to ensure their right to on-the-job training is effectively implemented. The article concludes by identifying key challenges in the legal regulation of this institution in India. It is emphasized that, as in the Russian Federation, there is a need in India to coor-dinate the efforts of employees, employers, and the state in order to achieve opti-mal outcomes in the system of lifelong learning and professional development.