In this article, the authors analyze the characteristics and key areas of development of a legal environment for the favorable development of artifi - cial intelligence in Russia. They examine the key factors and reasons that have hindered the development of legal regulation in the fi eld of artifi cial intelligence in recent years. It is found that the development of legal conditions is largely linked to the need to develop legislative expertise that fosters a systematic approach, enhances the signifi cance of emerging legal relationships, and determines the creation of a rapidly evolving regulatory environment in this area. It is established that the standardization process in the fi eld of AI should not occur in isolation from legal regulation, as it poses signifi cant risks and threats regarding the potential violation of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the need to consider the particular signifi cance of AI in the implementation of the Russian Federation’s technology policy.
The main advantage of ethical codes in the fi eld of AI is that they foster public understanding of the fundamental principles and conditions for working with AI and infl uence the adoption of local AI legislation. This has had a positive impact on the formation of legal conditions favorable to the development of AI in the real economy and social sphere. Furthermore, when drafting the provisions of the basic federal law on AI today, a number of norms are formulated based on ethical norms, borrowing principles. The article highlights key legislative proposals regulating artifi cial intelligence in Russia and the prospects for adopting a basic law in this area.

The article explores the legal and organizational aspects of the application of artifi cial intelligence in the activities of state control (supervision) bodies. It highlights the features and advantages of the digital transformation of control and supervision activities, one of which is the use of artifi cial intelligence. The article analyzes the key areas of application of artifi cial intelligence in control and supervision activities and the types of operations performed by artifi cial intelligence. It also identifi es the challenges of using artifi cial intelligence technologies in control and supervision activities. The article concludes that the Russian model of developing legal regulation for artifi cial intelligence emphasizes the importance of human decision-making. It is shown that the adoption of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of the Application of Artifi cial Intelligence Technologies in the Russian Federation”, based on a risk-oriented approach, is intended to eliminate legal uncertainty and create unifi ed grounds for control and supervision activities.

This article presents a legal analysis of manipulative infl uence on human consciousness and behavior carried out by means of generative artifi cial intelligence (GAI) systems. Drawing on psychological and legal doctrine, the author formulates an original defi nition of AI-assisted manipulative infl uence as an independent legal category encompassing the political, commercial, interpersonal and psycho-emotional spheres. The article identifi es the principal technological mechanisms of such infl uence and cases of their manipulative deployment. The article puts forward proposals for the reform of Russian law, including the introduction of a statutory defi nition of AI-assisted manipulative infl uence, a direct prohibition on the development and use of AI systems with manipulative functionality, and institutional oversight mechanisms.

Currently, business and professional entities are increasingly implementing artifi cial intelligence technologies in their practice. Algorithms and various language models are widely used to make both corporate and decisions aimed at choosing a counterparty and concluding various types of transactions, including government contracts. All these prerequisites have a serious impact on both the legal conditions for decision-making and raise a number of ethical issues. To a certain extent, this state of aff airs leads to social and legal discrimination, algorithmic bias, and other negative legal consequences such as manipulation or even monopoly. The existing Codes of Ethics in the fi eld of artifi cial intelligence in Russia, as well as the draft law on artifi cial intelligence, only partially address these challenging issues, which are developing both in legal scholarship and in law enforcement practice. However, on the other hand, concerns have arisen regarding the application of the provisions refl ected in the draft law. Although, on the other hand, on the contrary, there are concerns about the application of those provisions that are refl ected in it (the draft law). In this regard, in our opinion, the developed system of legal means and principles, as well as the creation of industry self-regulatory organizations, will complement the mechanism for using artifi cial intelligence as an «assistant» to solve routine issues by business and professional entities.

The integration of artifi cial intelligence into air transport requires the creation of a comprehensive system of measures that ensure the safe and eff ective use of these technologies in the aviation sector. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal and other means of ensuring the use of artifi cial intelligence in the aviation sector. The author classifi es the legal means and identifi es several other means that contribute to the harmonious and legal use of advanced aviation technologies. The article concludes that the means of ensuring the use of artifi cial intelligence in the aviation sector are a multi-level and complex structure, with elements that are closely interconnected and dependent on each other. It is concluded that the only possible way to improve and promote the use of artifi cial intelligence in air transport is through an interdisciplinary approach that ensures a comprehensive improvement of legal regulation.

This article analyzes the current state of legal regulation of the data market in Russia as one of the objectives of several national development goals and potential prospects for its improvement. Using a comparative legal analysis of international and foreign experience, the need to develop a comprehensive concept for legal regulation of the data market is substantiated. Based on legal modeling and institutional design methods, key elements of this concept’s content are developed.

The article is devoted to the study of the important category ‘purpose of personal data processing,’ as well as issues of its use in applying the principles of personal data processing and their protection. The special signifi cance of this category is shown in relation to the process of choosing a specifi c legal basis for processing, as well as for identifying the features of the legal regime of certain personal data (using the example of biometric data). The author also examines the specifi cs of formulating the purpose of processing personal data in the notifi cation of the beginning of processing, the operator’s policy regarding data processing and protection, as well as specifi c and contextual consent to data processing. The article concludes that it is necessary to take a more fl exible approach to formulating the purpose of processing in each of these cases in order to protect the rights and interests of individuals.

The article traces the evolution of the legal regulation of big data applications within the context of China’s digital economy. The author identifi es three distinct stages in the formation of the regulatory framework: the initial stage (before 2020), marked by fragmented normative provisions; the stage of systematic structuring (2020—2022), defi ned by the adoption of foundational data legislation; and the current stage (since 2022), focused on promoting data circulation and utilization as a factor of production. Special attention is given to the “Twenty Provisions on Data”, which introduced a diff erentiated system of data rights and signaled a shift from a protectionoriented to an utilization-oriented regulatory model. The conclusion highlights the institutionalization of big data in China’s strategic planning and the broader transformation of legal governance from risk prevention to development facilitation.

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of trusted functioning of artifi cial intelligence systems. Methods: analysis, system method, idealization, legal modeling, hypothesis building, generalization and system analysis. Results. The active development of artifi cial intelligence is redirecting key technological approaches from digital transformation to AI transformation. In these conditions, taking into account the potential risks of use, the issue of trusted operation of artifi cial intelligence systems becomes relevant, as it is a crucial condition that determines the possibility of using these systems for data processing tasks. The article explores the risks and security issues associated with the operation of AI systems. It analyzes the key structural elements that form the system of trust in AI systems, the methods of ensuring trust, and the characteristics of AI systems. The article also examines the role of data in the operation of AI systems. The article highlights and structures the areas of implementation of trusted AI technologies, and discusses the search for practical solutions to improve the secure and trusted operation of AI systems.

This article is devoted to the study of topical information and legal issues related to the signifi cance and increasing value of state sovereignty under the infl uence of modern technologies in the context of digital transformation. The focus is on the priorities for the development of information law and the strengthening of national sovereignty in the digital age. The authors highlight the specifi c features and challenges of the legal framework for information sovereignty and information security of the Russian Federation, as well as the legal regulation of artifi cial intelligence safety.

The article substantiates the need to develop a regime-based approach to access to information in the digital environment. The traditional division between publicly available and restricted-access information remains legally signifi cant, but no longer fully refl ects modern information fl ows involving state information systems, digital services, search engines and research datasets. The purpose of the study is to develop a multilevel legal model of access to information that correlates public availability, restricted access, confi dentiality, public interest, technological context and the risk of harm. The methodological framework is based on formal legal, systemic and doctrinal-analytical methods. The article proposes a four-level model that includes publicly available information, procedurally restricted information, confi dential information and information requiring enhanced legal protection. It is concluded that the level of access should be regarded not as a new classifi cation of information, but as an analytical characteristic of the legal regime governing the circulation of information in a legal and technological context.

The article is devoted to information and legal issues of ensuring the security of the digital environment through the development of various regulatory mechanisms aimed at building trust in information and communication technologies and the results of their use. The author examines the problems of the formation of the concept of “trust” as an information and legal category, as well as the expediency of developing trust mechanisms in the digital environment, including the reliability and confi dentiality of data, the security of digital technologies and communication channels. It is noted that it is necessary to increase certainty regarding the criteria for the power of attorney of the components of the digital environment, strengthen the requirements for ensuring digital sovereignty and data localization, as well as create legal conditions for minimizing information security incidents. As a result of the study, it was concluded that only a combination of legal and technical regulation will allow to achieve trust and security in the digital environmen

This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the approaches of the South Caucasus states — Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia — to ensuring cybersecurity. Research into cybersecurity in the South Caucasus is relevant due to a number of factors related to the geopolitical situation, technological development, the threat of cyberattacks, and the need to ensure digital stability in the region. This issue is particularly signifi cant in the context of increasing digitalization, the use of cyberspace for political and military purposes, and the competition between global and regional actors for infl uence in the region. The objective of this study is to analyze the legal mechanisms regulating cybersecurity in the three states and identify existing challenges in this area. The study examines key regulatory legal acts and strategic planning documents of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia in the area of cybersecurity. Based on the analysis, common trends were identifi ed and conclusions were drawn about the diff erences in countries’ approaches to ensuring cybersecurity. Common problems in the region were identifi ed: a shortage of qualifi ed personnel; dependence on foreign technologies; gaps in legislation; data leaks; low levels of information literacy among the population; and duplication of authority between agencies.

The article examines the development of digital profi les in the Russian Federation. Key documents of the digital profi le technology development and its implementation by Russian government agencies, credit and fi nancial institutions, employers, and others are esteemed in the article. The article identifi es the diff erent types of digital profi les, which are formed according to individual’s goals for interacting with government and municipal authorities, employers, and others. Using a digital profi le improves cybersecurity in the country, as law enforcement agencies can use a digital profi le to obtain information about off enders quicklier. The article also addresses the equality of digital information with paper documents, the optional/mandatory nature of digital profi le use by fi nancial institutions, ethical and other issues that must be considered when developing legal regulation of this technology.

The article is devoted to the study of administrative and legal aspects of ensuring cybersecurity in the digital customs infrastructure of the Russian Federation. The following are analyzed: the legal nature of the customs information infrastructure as an object of critical information infrastructure (CII); the system of subjects of administrative and legal regulation of cybersecurity in the customs sphere and the delineation of their competencies; the regime of protection of information processed in the EAI TO. Structural gaps in regulation are identifi ed: the absence of a special legal regime for cybersecurity of customs data, the lack of regulation of liability for cyberattacks on the customs infrastructure, and gaps in the legal regulation of cross-border information exchange in the context of cyberattacks. The concept of “customs cyber sovereignty” as an administrative and legal category is proposed.

The article examines the digital transformation of higher education as a special legal phenomenon in the context of the national development goals of the Russian Federation and the project “Data Economics and Digital Transformation of the State”. Based on the doctrinal approaches of information law, the author distinguishes the concepts of “digitalization” and “digital transformation” in relation to higher education. The article analyzes the public legal mechanisms implemented by federal authorities and subjects of the Russian Federation, including the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District. The impact of digital transformation on educational legal relations, the legal status of universities, students and research and teaching staff , as well as on the regime of IT assets and the assessment of digital maturity is revealed. The problems of fragmented legal regulation, the lack of a unifi ed regime of the electronic information and educational environment, the use of artifi cial intelligence, ensuring technological sovereignty and regional asymmetry are revealed. Promising areas for improving legislation have been identifi ed, including the systematization of information legislation, experimental legal regimes and digital platforms in education.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the contemporary human rights system, shaped by breakthrough technologies, within the framework of digital constitutionalism.
The evolution of public administration is increasingly driven by transformative factors, most notably end-to-end digital technologies. These advancements have given rise to the concepts of the digital state and digital constitutionalism, fundamentally reshaping the nature and dynamics of interactions among the key participants in legal relations: the state, society, and the individual. As digital technologies redefi ne the human rights landscape, they have not only led to the emergence of digital human rights but also prompted the development of a range of related rights. Among these, neuro-rights occupy a particularly signifi cant place. They are designed to safeguard the integrity and inviolability of the human person in the context of technological interaction, addressing emerging risks associated with cognitive and neural data.
The findings of this research underscore the critical need for further theoretical exploration of the digital human rights system — especially its intrinsic connection with neuro-rights. Such understanding is essential not only to regulate interactions within the cyber environment but also to protect the unique human personality from unlawful or invasive “modifi cations” that could compromise personal autonomy and dignity.
Finally, the study substantiates the necessity of integrating the concept of digital constitutionalism and the system of digital and related rights into the legal positions of the supreme judicial body of constitutional control. The expediency of understanding the concept of digital constitutionalism and the system of digital and related rights in the legal positions of the supreme judicial body of constitutional control is substantiated in order to identify the constitutional and legal meaning of these categories and ensure their proper implementation and protection.

South Africа has a history of deep divisions characterised by strife and confl ict. However, there exists a general and unifying basis — the concept of Ubuntu, which has acquired a special signifi cance in the legal discourse in post-apartheid South Africa.
Ubuntu is a philosophical concept and a way of life. One of the most wellknown expressions conveying its essence is the aphorism: “A person is a person through other people”. This concept off ers original approaches to solving social, economic, and political problems of the African continent to ensure the common well-being of society. Ubuntu contributes to the decolonization of South African law, where moral imperatives contribute to the transformation of constitutionalism into a contextually grounded system of social justice that overcomes the legacy of apartheid. Ubuntu has become the foundation of transformative constitutionalism in South Africa and is recognized as a constitutional value.

In his Address to the Federal Assembly in February 2024, the President of the Russian Federation emphasized the need to achieve technological sovereignty in cross-cutting areas that ensure the sustainability of the entire country’s economy. In this context, the transformation of Russia’s and the EAEU’s digitalization based on the accelerated implementation of artifi cial intelligence technologies holds signifi cant scientifi c importance and relevance.
The authors of the article emphasize that intensive digital transformation highlights the need to create an institutional environment and standards that regulate the development and implementation of digital solutions. Special attention is paid to the strategic importance of artifi cial intelligence technologies, which are transforming into a key tool for maintaining economic sovereignty and national security in the context of geopolitical instability and sanctions pressure.
The article analyzes the current stage of artifi cial intelligence development. Special attention is paid to the digital transformation of industry in leading countries (the United States, Germany, and China) and Russia. The study examines the state policies of the United States, China, and Russia in the fi eld of artifi cial intelligence, as well as the legal challenges of regulating the results of intellectual activity created using artifi cial intelligence and the need to adapt legal institutions without radically changing them.

This article addresses the current challenges of legally protecting traditional family values amidst the transformation of the digital environment driven by algorithms. It substantiates the thesis that the traditional approach — based solely on restricting access to illegal content — is insuffi cient when confronted with such digital reality phenomena as hyper-personalization, «fi lter bubbles», and «echo chambers», which are shaped by recommender technologies.
Drawing on foreign concepts (Value Sensitive Design, «positive computing», RecSoGood) and an analysis of existing technical solutions (Tournesol.app, YouChoose.ai), this article formulates proposals for developing a comprehensive legal framework for the regulation of recommender technologies.
As a promising mechanism, it suggests the implementation of «constructive recommender technologies», including tools for «algorithmic interception» and content emulation. This would shift the focus from access restriction to value-oriented management of algorithmic streams.

The article examines the public law mechanism for stimulating the development of the IT industry in Russia as an instrument for ensuring technological sovereignty and achieving technological leadership. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts and empirical data for 2022—2025, a contradiction is identifi ed between formal indicators of import substitution and the actual level of technological independence. The legal nature of the transformation on the public law mechanism for incentivizing IT industry development is examined, carried out through the adoption of new federal laws, the tightening of IT accreditation rules, and reorientation of grant policy. A comparative analysis of the Russian mechanism with the models of China and India is conducted. A three-tier model for assessing software domesticity (formal, functional, and structural) is proposed.

The article off ers a conceptual analysis of regulatory approaches to smart city technologies in Russia, tracing their evolution from isolated, fragmentary legal acts to strategic system-level policy documents. Based on an analysis of current legislation, the author identifi es three stages in the development of legal regulation in this fi eld: initial targeted norm-setting, departmental standardization of smart homes, and the emergence of a comprehensive system of legal regulation. The central systemic problem of the existing regulatory model is identifi ed as its sectoral, agency-based character, whereby each subsystem of the smart city (intelligent metering, building management, data processing, cybersecurity) operates within its own isolated regulatory framework without mechanisms for inter-system interaction. Specifi c legal gaps are examined, including: regulatory asymmetry between intelligent meters for diff erent resources, uncertainty regarding the civil-law status of the smart home as an object of rights, the legal vacuum surrounding data in Internet of Things ecosystems, and the fundamental lack of regulation for the city’s digital twin.
As a solution, the author proposes a multi-level regulatory concept structured across three tiers: the infrastructural level (technological standards and safety requirements), the platform level (legal regime for data, digital platforms, and operators), and the service level (digital services, algorithmic management, and mechanisms for protecting citizens’ rights). It is concluded that this concept can serve as a basis for drafting a special framework law that would regulate smart city technologies in an integrated manner.