Examples of modern research conducted within the framework of the concept of human improvement with the use of artificial intelligence technologies, genomics, nanotechnology and robotics to improve the functional characteristics of the human body are considered. It is shown that the creation of bioengineering systems «man-machine» can be considered as a supertechnology of the XXI century, which is capable of influencing the entire course of human history, the biosphere, and the process of its development and application may turn out to be a new area of confrontation, the beginning of a «supernova» arms race. In connection with the above, prospective and applied research in this area should be considered in the context of the national security strategy. Along with the work on modeling, creation and application of individual bioengineering systems «man-machine», it is necessary to intensify the development of legal, bioethical and other norms and rules that ensure both technological development (In a given corridor of possibilities) and a high level of safety (by type) of new technologies and developments.